Taxation And Subsidy Policy An Example Of A New Fire...

1. What 2 kinds of government policy can internalize an externality? Give an example of Positive Externalities for private goods. Which policy do you recommend in this case? Explain. The two main government policies is taxation and subsidy. The tax policy, a cost, regulates the actions such as limiting toxic wastes. The second is subsidy policy, a benefit, in which, the government offer incentives, for those who reduce the external cost and benefiting society. An example of positive externality is the building of a new fire department or emergency health care facility in a neighbor to improve the accessibility and efficiency of emergency care. This should be a subsidy policy because it will benefit more than just the people who are in desperate need, which will promote a positive externality. 2. What 2 kinds of government policy can internalize an externality? Give an example of Negative Externalities for private goods. Which policy do you recommend in this case? Explain. The two main government policies is taxation and subsidy. The tax policy regulates the actions such as limiting toxic wastes. The second is subsidy policy, in which, the government offer incentives, for those who reduce the external cost and benefiting society. An example of negative externality is the air pollution that comes from the smoke stacks of a manufacturing facility, imposes costs to the third party. In order to prevent such negative externalities, a government can use the tax policiesShow MoreRelatedInternational Business Case Study on Boeing4493 Words   |  18 PagesEuropean aviation. The two are presently facing issue that tarnish their political, legal, and ethical reputations. Airbus argues that Boeing has received over $16 billion from the US government in addition to help from countries like Japan. The U.S. fires back arguing that since 1992, Airbus has been receiving EU government loans. 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A Semiotic Approach on How Meaning Can Be Created in an Audience Free Essays

A Semiotic Approach on How Meaning can Be Created In An Audience â€Å"Human intellectual and social life is based on the production, use, and exchange of signs† (Danesi, 2002) As Danesi (2002) states, signs are an integral part of society; from watching television, listening to music, reading, writing or talking, we are engaged in sign based behaviour. This engagement with signs is known as the study of semiotics. Dating back to 460-377BC, with the founder of Western medical science, Hippocrates, coining the term, then known as semeiotics, he described signs consisting of three dimensions; the physical dimension, known as the signifier, the referent, or signified, and the signification (Danesi, 2002). We will write a custom essay sample on A Semiotic Approach on How Meaning Can Be Created in an Audience or any similar topic only for you Order Now These dimensions only have meaning when â€Å"it has someone to mean to† (Williamson, 1978). In the 20th century, semiotic theory was developed by a group of semioticians, linguists, psychologists and cultural theorists, based on the saussurean-Piercean paradigm (Danesi, 2002). First introduced to the public in the 1950’s by Roland Barthes, to describe our mediated culture, semiotics is essential when creating an advertisement. Among other things, semiotics plays a significant role in engaging the intended audience- the buyer. Whether it is the elderly, teens, children, men or women, the placement of colours, text, images and other signs, play a key role in the success of the advertisement (Scott, 1994). By taking a semiotic approach, this essay will demonstrate how meaning can be created in an audience, by the analysis of two advertisements, and discussing how codes and context are central in the ‘anchoring’ of meaning. First introduced by Roland Barthes (1977), the notion of anchorage, discusses the linguistic essentials that can help anchor, or constrain, how a reader interprets an image: â€Å"to fix the floating chain of signifieds† (Barthes, 1977). The advertisements chosen are from differing and contrasting magazines; the first from iconic fashion magazine Vogue and the other from a men’s magazine, Men’s Health. These differing genres have been chosen to illustrate how contexts and codes within specific social relations, groups, classes, institutions, structures and things (Thwaites, Davis and Mules, 2002) play an integral role in creating meaning (Scribd, 2012). Much of what we have come to understand about society, is learnt from the texts that are presented around us; through Hollywood blockbusters, to novels and magazines. Chandler concludes that â€Å"life is thus lived through texts and framed by texts to a greater extent than we are normally aware of† (Chandler, 2001). This means that advertisements not only refer to ‘real world’ concepts that we deal with day to day, but they also make reference to other texts. The level of this ‘intertextuality’ (Fiske, 1987) is what influences social beliefs and ideals in the world we live in. The advertisement from Vogue (See ad 1) features a sepia- colour scheme, with an alluring female to the right, and a bottle of ‘j’adore Dior’ perfume, to the left. Many signifiers are present in this advertisement; the female (Charlize Theron), is dressed in an elegant gold beaded dress, with a high beaded neckline, drawing the viewers eye to her strong jaw-line and bronzed face. Her pose is that of elegance and power, the background light shining around her slim figure. The colour of the clothing, and overall image, compliment the golden-sepia tone of the bottle of perfume on the left. Chandeliers are placed around the perfume bottle, and out of focus behind the woman. The signifieds present are; the gold dress giving an impression of the woman being a high profile member of society of, chandeliers are present in homes of the wealthy and the sepia tones represent warmth. By using a female of celebrity status, the advertisements appeal rises with the wider female audience, due to her known status. The key connotations featured in this advertisement are; the gold coloured dress connotes wealth, elegance and popularity. The powerful and elegant stance of the woman connotes power a female will gain when wearing this fragrance. Due to her celebrity status, the audience can also feel empowered, with a ‘celebrity’ status. The sepia tones connote warmth, and invite the viewer to become involved with the advertisement. Along with the bronzed body of the woman, the French writing j’adore (meaning I love) adds an essence of romance, and connotes desire, and sex appeal. As the ad connotes power, it is open for both upper and lower/middle class woman to interpret. Upper class woman could strive to maintain power, whilst lower class desire to gain power, by using the product. The way the creators of the ad have placed the female in this position, in these surroundings, to represent the product, has been done deliberately to target the desired audience; woman have a desire to feel beautiful, powerful, and sexy, therefore the creator has appropriately placed the advertisement in a women’s very well known and popular fashion magazine, to gain maximum results from the targeted audience. Leiss (1990) states that â€Å"at the core of advertising’s purposes now is not the message itself as a communicator of meaning, but rather its relationship to the audience† (Leiss et al. , 1990). With the development of the theory of marketing segmentation, it is logical to therefore conclude that creators of advertisements don’t focus on the product, but the signs and codes that connate particular meanings of positivity that are related to a certain lifestyle, culture, or social group (Scribd, 2012). The connotations pervade media representations, and symbolise psychological or social themes and situations that are familiar and understandable to the audience (Danesi, 2002), in order to successfully sell the product. The advertisement from the Men’s Health (see ad 2), is selling ‘Tom Ford Perfume’. This somewhat controversial ad has many key signifiers. The male figure lying on a bed is the predominant focus, followed by a female hand with red nail polish touching the male’s chest. The object that is being advertised is only shown as a half. The basic colour scheme is black and white, with the exception of the red nail polish and orange cologne bottle. The signifieds present are; the male is an essential selling point of the advertisement, therefore he takes up the majority of the page. Sex appeal is what the advertiser is trying to convey, and the glimpse of a female hand can be seen as elegant and flirty. The key connotations are; the male figure as desirable and powerful- every woman would want an intimate connection with him. The red fingernails connote passion, desire, lust, and a thirst for action (Danesi, 2002). By using this cologne, the advertisement connotes that the user will become the ultimate object of desire, playing in to the male want of intimate connections with females. As the male figure has ‘sex appeal’ the advertisement encourages the partner of a male to purchase the fragrance, so she could have a ‘sexy’ male partner. The orange tone of the cologne bottle connotes warmth, stimulating the senses. When producers try to convey certain meanings, audiences may or may not assign the same meanings (Littlejohn, 1996). As mentioned in the first analysis, the advertisement is open to other audiences, whilst the male cologne ad is more closed, but it is up to the reader to decide whether or not they belong to the context or not. Signs are combined in to texts, but a text has no meaning on its own (Smagorinsky, 2001). It draws value from surrounding elements and from reader association, but also from what it is not (Littlejohn, 1998). The amalgamation of these creates the context in which the text functions; if you aren’t a wearer of perfume or cologne, you will have no interest in what it is trying to sell you, hence the importance of context. Thwaites and colleagues (2002) mention that â€Å"the social situations in which a sign is used may determine the appropriate content, type of sign and coding; signs contextual functions indicate the context in which it operates (Thwaites, Davis and Mules, 2002). Chandler explains that Stuart Hall pointed to the role of social positioning in the interpretation of mass media texts by different social groups (Chandler, 2001). Hall also suggested three hypothetical models of interpretive codes or positions for the reader of a text (Hall, 1980). But what Hall and also Chandler miss, is what happens when you don’t understand an advertisement at all? Because, as Griffin says; â€Å"like chameleons that take on the colouration of their environment, words take on their meaning of the context in which they are used† (Griffin, 2000). The opinion that the usefulness of semiotics decreases and is above all dependant on the skill of the interpreter is not new. Leiss (1990) argues that a key drawback for semiotics is that â€Å"it is heavily dependent upon the skill of the individual analyst† (Leiss, 1990). Less skilful analysts â€Å"can do little more than state the obvious in a complex and often pretentious manner† (Leiss, 1990). As Littlejohn (1996) states â€Å"meanings of a message are affected by events outside the message itself†, therefore the most successful advertisements focus on making sure the audience understands the content being conveyed (codes) and the content lays emphasis on certain meanings over others (context). In this perspective, the kind of magazine reflects how meanings are emphasised. Bignell (1997) even argues that â€Å"as well as being a collection of signs, the magazine is a sign in itself† (Bignell, 1997), the magazine is therefore a â€Å"powerful ideological force† (McRobbie, 2000) in society. Even though some postmodernists believe that texts are endlessly polysemic (Barthes 1977, Fiske 1987), meanings are still able to be communicated. Leiss (1990) argues that â€Å"for advertising to create meaning, the reader or viewer must do some ‘work’, because the meaning is not lying there on the page, one has to make an effort to grasp it† (Leiss et al, 1990). When analysing both of these advertisements, this statement is correct- the creators of the ad have given the reader ‘A and C’ but the reader must fill in the blank, or as it is known in this example, B. The application of semiotics in advertising varies significantly depending on the product being sold. Common themes almost always stay the same- the sense of freedom or excitement you get from purchasing a specific car or the feeling of popularity when you drink a certain type of alcohol (Messaris, 1997). This is done by using specific images, which resonate with the intended audience. For example, if there is an advertisement for a new Jeep, images of it going through all types of terrain will be shown, or alcoholic beverages are advertised at a party scene, all to make the audience want to buy the product (Messaris, 1997). As Chandler and Bignell suggest, signs and codes can be a medium itself, and described by Leiss (1990) â€Å"an ad is a mediator between creator and reader, standing at the confluence of the double symbolic process in the marketplace, where producers of goods try to attempt to construct one set of meanings, and where consumers use these meanings (along with meanings drawn from other sources) in the construction of their own lifestyles† (Leiss et al. , 1990). This is why semiotics is significant, even on a basic level, as it can show us how meanings have the ability to both construct and maintain particular social attitudes and ideals of a specific society. On a multifaceted level, the notion of intertextuality is intriguing and should be studied more widely as it exposes the many intricate ways in which contexts transfer from each other, showing how the contexts migrate from one another and portray the uncertainty of meaning. Appendix Ad 1. Ad 2. Bibliography Barthes, R. 1977, Image-Music-Text, London. Bignell, J. 1997, Media Semiotics: An Introduction, Manchester: Manchester University Press. Chandler, D (2001), â€Å"Semiotics, the basics†, Routledge. Culler, J. 1985, Saussure, London. Danesi, M. 2002, ‘An Outline of Semiotic Theory’, In Understanding Media Semiotics, London, pp 28-53. Dior, 2012, (‘Dior Advertisement’), Vogue Magazine, June 2012, pp. 1-2. Fiske, J. 1987, â€Å"Intertextuality† in Fiske, J, Television culture, Methuen Griffin, E. 2000, Communication; a first look at communication theory, McGraw-Hill. Hall, S, 1980, Encoding/decoding, In Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies (Ed. ): Culture, Media, Language: Working Papers in Cultural Studies, London. Leiss, W. Kline, S. amp; Jhally S. , 1990, Social Communication in Advertising: Persons, Products and Images of Well-Being, 2nd Edn, London. Littlejohn, S. 1996, Theories of Human Communication, 5th Edn, Wadsworth. McRobbie, A. 1995, Feminism and Youth Culture, 2nd edition, Macmillan Press, London. Messaris, P. 1997, Visual Persuasion: The Role of Images in Advertis ing, Sage. Scott, M. 1994, ‘Images in Advertising: The need for a Theory of Visual Rhetoric, Journal of Consumer Research, vol. 21 No. 2, pp. 252-273. Scribd 2012, Scribd, Date Accessed 25 May 2012, http://www. scribd. om/doc/22099314/Semiotic-analysis-of-two-ads? amp;lang=en_usamp;output=jsonamp;session-id=74ea6fd65172766fface3eec2d5bfb14. Smagorinsky, P. 2001,’ If meaning is constructed, what is it made from? Toward a cultural theory of reading’, Review of Educational Research, vol. 71, pp. 133-169. Tom Ford, 2010, (‘Tome Ford Advertisement’), Men’s Health Magazine, March 2010, pp. 2. Thwaites, T. , Davis, L. amp; Mules, W. 2002, Introducing Cultural and Media Studies; a semiotic approach, New York. Williamson, J. 1978, Decoding Advertisements; Ideology and Meaning in Advertising, London. 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Significant Complexities

Question: Discuss about the Significant Complexities. Answer: Introduction: During my training period, I had to treat different types of patients with significant complexities in their illness. These experiences and dealing with those complex situations has preparedly me accurately for a nursing career. I would like to explain one of those events to describe how I have learned to treat critical patients and make my best judgment in nursing. Example (Reporting on the issue): During my training, once I was asked to look after a patient with critical burn injury. The patient had suffered 60% burn injury in different parts of her body, and I was required to monitor her and manage her condition for the first 72 hours. This was important because the patient condition can deteriorate due to sustained burn in an enclosed place or due to swelling of burnt portions. Action (Analysis, relating and reasoning of patients care): As it was my first experience of dealing with a burn patient, I knew I would have to face various challenges while undergoing my responsibility as a nurse. However, I had knowledge about the common complications seen in such patients. I felt that if I could manage that complexity accurately in the patient, then my purpose of care for the patient would be served. Firstly, such patients are vulnerable to bacterial infection and increase risk of sepsis due to burn (Clark et al., 2013). I was very attentive regarding any signs of sepsis and wanted to prevent any such infection in patients as it may also lead major complications like organ failure. My priority was to manage the complication and reduce pain in patients. First of all, I did the full head to toe assessment of the patient to identify any clinical issue or deterioration in the patient. I also assessed the airway potency and breathing rate in the patient. She had blackened sputum and singed nasal hairs. But I had no idea what this signs indicated. My nursing staff taught me that such mean patient had suffered burns in an enclosed place which has caused inhalation injuries. Pain assessment was also done on the patient to determine the extent of pain and discomfort due to burnt skin and edema. On analysis of patient condition, I realized the nurisng care for this patient is quiet different from other patient that I have treated. (Ignatavicius Workman, 2015). I started with monitoring the patient's vital signs after every 5-6 hours. To prevent any bacterial infection in patients, I implemented isolation techniques to protect the patient from sources of cross contamination by visitors and medical equipment. I ensured that environment around her was safe and clean. At the time of dressing of wounds, I utilized strict aseptic technique to prevent direct wound contact. To prevent sepsis, my approach was to examine wounds daily to assess the appearance, odor and quantity of drainage from wounds (Barr et al., 2013). I tried to implement patient-centered nursing care. Another important nursing care goal for me was to maintain fluid balance in the patient. I knew that burn in the patient caused damage to their blood vessels and caused fluid loss. The patient generally suffers from hypovolemia. Severe blood and fluid loss may also have an impact on the functioning of the heart (Sole et al., 2013). To reduce this complication, I monitored urinary output and wound drainage of patients. During the initial 24-72 hours of burn injury, the patient may experience increased capillary permeability, inflammation, and evaporative losses. I recorded the exact amount and type of fluid intake the patient was taking. My purpose was to prevent rapid fluctuation or fluid overload in patients (Grove et al., 2014). The majority of burn patients also suffer breathing problems because of inhaling smoke. As my patients suffered burn injuries, she also had problems in breathing. I had already observed the patient for inhalation injury in the beginning. While assessing breathing pattern in a patient, I found she had labored respirations, and I observed signs of hypoxia in patients. I encouraged the patient to cough frequently and perform deep breathing exercise to promote lung expansion. My strategy was also to change patient position frequently to promote mobilization in patients (Schultz et al., 2012).. I discouraged use of the pillow. Instead, I elevated the head of bed of patients to promote better lung expansion and respiratory function. The patient was also grimacing with pain. I wanted to minimize pain in the patient as far as possible. Temperature change and air movement cause great pain to nerve endings in the wound. I consulted the doctor and gave necessary analgesics like morhpinem or fen tanyl. Regarding my duty towards the patients to reduce pain, I tried to give pain relief by hydrotherapy during dressing and debridement procedure (Yuxiang et al., 2012). Result (Reconstructing): After complete commitment towards my job of caring for the burn patient till ten days, I found that major complications of the patient had reduced, and she was now able to cope with her injuries. The patient responded well to my nursing intervention. Dealing with this patient gave me a lot knowledge regarding the specific care required for burn patients. I had learnt a lot from the complication that arose in this patients and in future I will be to treat burn patient in a b better way. This experience gave me the confidence that I am accurately prepared for a nursing career. Reference Barr, J., Fraser, G. L., Puntillo, K., Ely, E. W., Glinas, C., Dasta, J. F., ... Coursin, D. B. (2013). Clinical practice guidelines for the management of pain, agitation, and delirium in adult patients in the intensive care unit.Critical care medicine,41(1), 263-306. Clark, D. E., Lowman, J. D., Griffin, R. L., Matthews, H. M., Reiff, D. A. (2013). Effectiveness of an early mobilization protocol in a trauma and burns intensive care unit: a retrospective cohort study.Physical therapy,93(2), 186-196. Grove, S. K., Burns, N., Gray, J. R. (2014).Understanding nursing research: Building an evidence-based practice. Elsevier Health Sciences. Ignatavicius, D. D., Workman, M. L. (2015).Medical-surgical nursing: Patient-centered collaborative care. Elsevier Health Sciences. Schultz, C. H., Koenig, K. L., Whiteside, M., Murray, R., National Standardized All-Hazard Disaster Core Competencies Task Force. (2012). Development of national standardized all-hazard disaster core competencies for acute care physicians, nurses, and EMS professionals.Annals of emergency medicine,59(3), 196-208. Sole, M. L., Klein, D. G., Moseley, M. J. (2013).Introduction to Critical Care Nursing6: Introduction to Critical Care Nursing. Elsevier Health Sciences. Yuxiang, L., Lingjun, Z., Lu, T., Mengjie, L., Xing, M., Fengping, S., ... Jijun, Z. (2012). Burn patients experience of pain management: a qualitative study.Burns,38(2), 180-186.